publications

2024

1. Trans. Policy

   Introducing shared, electric, autonomous vehicles (SAEVs) in sub-urban zones: Simulating the case of Vienna

   Stefanie Peer, Johannes Müller, Asjad Naqvi, and 1 more author

   Transport Policy, 2024

   Abs Bib HTML

   Shared, autonomous electric vehicles (SAEVs) are expected to enter the market in the coming decades. Using MATSim, we simulate a use case where SAEVs are introduced in multiple suburban zones at the outskirts of Vienna (Austria), which are characterized by relatively low population density, but have access to at least one rail-based public transport stop. For all combinations of different fleet sizes and fare levels, we find that a relatively small share of car trips by residents of these zones (7%–14%) are replaced by SAEVs, generating CO2 emissions reductions of 5%–11%. Moreover, 23%–35% of trips previously undertaken by foot or bicycle are replaced by SAEVs, as well as 10%–20% of public transport trips. The potential of SAEVs to reduce the use and ownership of private vehicles in suburban areas therefore seems to be rather limited, which is also reflected in our finding that one SAEV usually replaces only 2–4 private vehicles. The potential becomes somewhat larger when the usage and ownership of private cars is assumed to become more expensive, leading to 17%–20% of car trips being replaced by SAEVs and generating CO2 emissions reductions of up to 32%.

   @article{simsaev2,
     author = {Peer, Stefanie and M\"{u}ller, Johannes and Naqvi, Asjad and Straub, Markus},
     title = {{Introducing shared, electric, autonomous vehicles (SAEVs) in sub-urban zones: Simulating the case of Vienna}},
     journal = {Transport Policy},
     doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2023.12.002},
     year = {2024}
   }

2. Sociodemographic disparities in ambient particulate matter exposure in Austria

   Klara Zwickl, Xenia Milkin, and Asjad Naqvi

   Revise and Resubmit, 2024

2023

1. BinD: A Model of Growth, Climate Change, and Debt Sustainability

   Ozlem Onaran, Nepomuk Dunz, and Asjad Naqvi

   SSRN, 2023

   Abs HTML

   Climate change disproportionately impacts capital and output in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Limited fiscal space and high dependence on capital good imports further curtail their ability to make timely climate-resilient investments. In this paper we present a demand-driven model that is supply-side constrained due to insufficient build up of production capacity. Calibrating the model to Fiji, we evaluate growth pathways for three climate futures – 2C, 3C, and 4C global warming by the end of the century. We evaluate the role of a public climate fund to enable partial recovery that is financed through four different schemes - debt-led recovery, higher tax on households, higher taxes on capitalists, and unconditional grants from the rest of the world. Recovery is possible in the 2C scenario, but the 3C and 4C scenarios increasingly face higher investment costs in the face of lower growth and saving rates. In the 4C scenario, even the most generous unconditional grants scheme fails to prevent the downward spiral of hitting capacity constraints despite an initial boost to output. These insights underscore the need for effective and equitable domestic climate policies and affordable finance and compensation to support sustainable development in vulnerable countries.

2. TRD

   The spatial–temporal exposure to traffic-related Particulate Matter emissions

   Asjad Naqvi, Stefanie Peer, Johannes Müller, and 1 more author

   Transport Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 2023

   Bib HTML

   @article{simsaev3,
     title = {{The spatial–temporal exposure to traffic-related Particulate Matter emissions}},
     author = {Naqvi, Asjad and Peer, Stefanie and M\"{u}ller, Johannes and Straub, Markus},
     journal = {Transport Research Part D: Transport and Environment},
     doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2023.103899},
     year = {2023}
   }

2022

1. Building Back Better in Small Island Developing States in the Pacific: Initial Insights from the BinD Model of Disaster Risk Management Policy Options in Fiji

   Hajime Tanaka, Nepomuk Dunz, Nagisa Yoshioka, and 2 more authors

   ADB report, 2022

   Abs HTML

   Building resilience against disasters continues to pose challenges for developing countries. Historically, small island developing states (SIDS) bordering the Pacific Ocean have suffered from multiple hazards such as earthquakes, coastal erosions, floods, and cyclones. Population increase, along with uneven progress in socioeconomic development, and the ongoing environmental degradation, including climate change, have exaggerated their vulnerability to disasters. At the same time, the recent COVID-19 global pandemic illustrated that small, remote and less-diversified economies of SIDS are particularly prone to additional external shocks. Events such as COVID-19, on top of disasters triggered by natural hazards, pose additional challenges for resource-constrained economies to recover. Yet such interactions have rarely been evaluated in the existing literature. This study hence provides initial insights on the interaction of alternative DRM policies in presence of additional demand-side constraints, evaluated through the recently developed Binary constrained Disaster (BinD) model. Our results indicate that a targeted increase of government spending in times of crisis could be beneficial for the economic recovery for Fiji. However, short-term trade-offs emerge with respect to financing options. Debt-financed recovery allows faster and less painful recovery but requires fast and preferential access to foreign borrowing. Tax-financed recovery can compensate short-term foreign borrowing needs, but comes at the cost of more detrimental impacts on GDP and private sector consumption.

2. WRE

   21st Century Water Withdrawal Decoupling: A Pathway to a more Water-wise World

   Felix Dalstein, and Asjad Naqvi

   Water Resources and Economics, 2022

   Bib HTML

   @article{waterdecoupling,
     author = {Dalstein, Felix and Naqvi, Asjad},
     title = {{21st Century Water Withdrawal Decoupling: A Pathway to a more Water-wise World}},
     doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wre.2022.100197},
     journal = {Water Resources and Economics},
     url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2212428422000056},
     volume = {38},
     year = {2022}
   }

2021

1. Sci Rep

   Assessing the cascading impacts of natural disasters in a multi-layer behavioral network framework

   Asjad Naqvi, and Irene Monasterolo

   Scientific Reports, Dec 2021

   Abs Bib HTML

   Natural disasters negatively impact regions and exacerbate socioeconomic vulnerabilities. While the direct impacts of natural disasters are well understood, the channels through which these shocks spread to non-affected regions, still represents an open research question. In this paper we propose modelling socioeconomic systems as spatially-explicit, multi-layer behavioral networks, where the interplay of supply-side production, and demand-side consumption decisions, can help us understand how climate shocks cascade. We apply this modelling framework to analyze the spatial-temporal evolution of vulnerability following a negative food-production shock in one part of an agriculture-dependent economy. Simulation results show that vulnerability is cyclical, and its distribution critically depends on the network density and distance from the epicenter of the shock. We also introduce a new multi-layer measure, the Vulnerability Rank ( VRank ), which synthesizes various location-level risks into a single index. This framework can help design policies, aimed to better understand, effectively respond, and build resilience to natural disasters. This is particularly important for poorer regions, where response time is critical and financial resources are limited.

   @article{Naqvi2021b,
     author = {Naqvi, Asjad and Monasterolo, Irene},
     doi = {10.1038/s41598-021-99343-4},
     issn = {2045-2322},
     journal = {Scientific Reports},
     month = dec,
     number = {1},
     pages = {20146},
     title = {{Assessing the cascading impacts of natural disasters in a multi-layer behavioral network framework}},
     url = {https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-99343-4},
     volume = {11},
     year = {2021}
   }

2. JCP

   Decoupling trends of emissions across EU regions and the role of environmental policies

   Asjad Naqvi

   Journal of Cleaner Production, Dec 2021

   Abs Bib HTML

   The paper combines grid-level data of eight emission types –CO2, N20, CH4, NH3, NOX, PM10, PM2.5, and SO2 – with sub-national economic data to create a 1995–2015 balanced panel for NUTS 2 regions in EU countries. Regions on average show decoupling of emissions from output but most of the emission reductions are achieved before the 2008 financial crisis. Post 2008, very weak decoupling and even coupling can be observed. Using OECD’s Environmental Policy Stringency (EPS) Index as an intervention variable, an event study analysis shows that strong policies significantly reduce emissions, but there is considerable heterogeneity in the response by emission types and regional income levels.

   @article{Naqvi2021a,
     title = {Decoupling trends of emissions across EU regions and the role of environmental policies},
     journal = {Journal of Cleaner Production},
     year = {2021},
     issn = {0959-6526},
     doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.129130},
     url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0959652621033175},
     author = {Naqvi, Asjad},
     keywords = {Decoupling, Emissions, European Union (EU), NUTS regions, Environmental policy stringency, Difference-in-difference, Event study}
   }

3. JFS

   Climate sentiments, transition risk, and financial stability in a stock-flow consistent model

   Nepomuk Dunz, Asjad Naqvi, and Irene Monasterolo

   Journal of Financial Stability, Dec 2021

   Abs Bib HTML

   A successful low-carbon transition requires the introduction of policies aimed at aligning investments to the climate and sustainability targets. In this regard, a global Carbon Tax (CT) and a revision of the microprudential banking framework via a Green Supporting Factor (GSF) have been advocated but two main knowledge gaps remain. First, the understanding of the conditions under which the CT or the GSF could contribute to the scaling-up of new green investments or, in contrast, could introduce new sources of risk for macroeconomic and financial stability, is poor. Second, we don’t know how banks’ climatesentiments, i.e. their anticipation of climate policies’ impact in lending conditions, could affect the outcomes of the policies and of the low-carbon transition. To fill these knowledge gaps we develop a Stock-Flow Consistent model of a high income country that embeds an adaptive forecasting function of banks’ climate sentiments. Then, we assess the impact of the CT and GSF on the greening of the economy and on the banking sector analyzing the risk transmission channels from the credit market to the economy via loans contracts, and the reinforcing feedbacks that could give rise to cascading effects. Our results suggest that the GSF contributes to scale up green investments only in the short-run but it also introduces potential trade-offs on bank’s financial stability. To foster the low-carbon transition while preventing unintended effects on Non-Performing Loans and households’ budget, the introduction of the CT should be complemented with redistribution welfare policies. Finally, if banks revise their credit supply conditions based on the firms’ carbon profile ahead of climate policy introduction, they can contribute to align investments to the low-carbon transition and improve financial stability of the banking sector.

   @article{Dunz2021,
     title = {Climate sentiments, transition risk, and financial stability in a stock-flow consistent model},
     journal = {Journal of Financial Stability},
     volume = {54},
     pages = {100872},
     year = {2021},
     issn = {1572-3089},
     doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfs.2021.100872},
     url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1572308921000322},
     author = {Dunz, Nepomuk and Naqvi, Asjad and Monasterolo, Irene},
   }

4. Sci Data

   COVID-19 European regional tracker

   Asjad Naqvi

   Nature Scientific Data, Dec 2021

   Abs Bib HTML

   This Tracker presents data on daily COVID-19 cases at the sub-national level for 26 European countries from January 2020 till present. Country-level data sources are identified and processed to form a homogenized panel at the NUTS 3 or NUTS 2 level, the two lowest standardized administrative units in Europe. The strengths and weaknesses of each country dataset are discussed in detail. The raw data, spatial layers, the code, and the final homogenized files are provided in an online repository for replication. The data highlights the spatial distribution of cases both within and across countries that can be utilized for a disaggregated analysis on the impacts of the pandemic. The Tracker is updated monthly to expand its coverage.

   @article{Naqvi2021,
     author = {Naqvi, Asjad},
     doi = {10.1038/s41597-021-00950-7},
     issn = {2052-4463},
     journal = {Nature Scientific Data},
     month = dec,
     number = {1},
     pages = {181},
     title = {COVID-19 European regional tracker},
     url = {http://www.nature.com/articles/s41597-021-00950-7},
     volume = {8},
     year = {2021}
   }

2020

1. OR Spectr

   The risk and consequences of multiple breadbasket failures: An integrated copula and multilayer agent-based modeling approach

   Asjad Naqvi, Franziska Gaupp, and Stefan Hochrainer-Stigler

   OR Spectrum, Sep 2020

   Abs Bib HTML

   Climate shocks to food systems have been thoroughly researched in terms of food security and supply chain management. However, sparse research exists on the dependent nature of climate shocks on food-producing breadbasket regions and their subsequent cascading impacts. In this paper, we propose that a copula approach, combined with a multilayer network and an agent-based model, can give important insights on how tail-dependent shocks can impact food systems. We show how such shocks can potentially cascade within a region through the behavioral interactions of various layers. Based on our suggested framework, we set up a model for India and show that risks due to drought events multiply if tail dependencies during extremes drought is explicitly taken into account. We further demonstrate that the risk is exacerbated if displacement also takes place. In order to quantify the spatial–temporal evolution of climate risks, we introduce a new measure of multilayer vulnerability that we term Vulnerability Rank or VRank . We find that with higher food production losses, the number of agents that are affected increases nonlinearly due to cascading effects in different network layers. These effects spread to the unaffected regions via large-scale displacement causing sudden changes in production, employment and consumption decisions. Thus, demand shifts also force supply-side adjustments of food networks in the months following the climate shock. We suggest that our framework can provide a more accurate picture of food security-related systemic risks caused by multiple breadbasket failures which, in turn, can better inform risk management and humanitarian aid strategies.

   @article{Naqvi2020,
     author = {Naqvi, Asjad and Gaupp, Franziska and Hochrainer-Stigler, Stefan},
     doi = {10.1007/s00291-020-00574-0},
     journal = {OR Spectrum},
     month = sep,
     number = {3},
     pages = {727--754},
     title = {The risk and consequences of multiple breadbasket failures: An integrated copula and multilayer agent-based modeling approach},
     url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00291-020-00574-0},
     volume = {42},
     year = {2020}
   }

2019

1. Sustainability

   Reflecting Disaster Risk in Development Indicators

   Junko Mochizuki, and Asjad Naqvi

   Sustainability, Sep 2019

   Abs HTML

   Disasters triggered by hazards, such as floods, earthquakes, droughts, and cyclones, pose significant impediments to sustainable development efforts in the most vulnerable and exposed countries. Mainstreaming disaster risk is hence seen as an important global agenda as reflected in the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction (SFDRR) 2015–2030. Yet, conventional development indicators remain largely negligent of the potential setbacks that may be posed by disaster risk. This article discusses the need to reflect disaster risk in development indicators and proposes a concept disaster risk-adjusted human development index (RHDI) as an example. Globally available national-level datasets of disaster risk to public and private assets (including health, educational facilities, and private housing) is combined with an estimate of expenditure on health, education, and capital formation to construct an RHDI. The RHDI is then analyzed across various regions and HDI groups, and contrasted with other HDI variants including inequality-adjusted HDI (IHDI) and the gender-specific female HDI (FHDI) to identify groups of countries where transformational disaster risk reduction (DRR) approaches may be necessary.

2. Sustainability

   Bioeconomy Transitions through the Lens of Coupled Social-Ecological Systems: A Framework for Place-Based Responsibility in the Global Resource System

   Liesbeth Schutter, Stefan Giljum, Tiina Häyhä, and 4 more authors

   Sustainability, Oct 2019

   Abs Bib HTML

   Bioeconomy strategies in high income societies focus at replacing finite, fossil resources by renewable, biological resources to reconcile macro-economic concerns with climate constraints. However, the current bioeconomy is associated with critical levels of environmental degradation. As a potential increase in biological resource use may further threaten the capacity of ecosystems to fulfill human needs, it remains unclear whether bioeconomy transitions in high income countries are sustainable. In order to fill a gap in bioeconomy sustainability assessments, we apply an ontological lens of coupled social-ecological systems to explore critical mechanisms in relation to bioeconomy activities in the global resource system. This contributes to a social-ecological systems (SES)-based understanding of sustainability from a high income country perspective: the capacity of humans to satisfy their needs with strategies that reduce current levels of pressures and impacts on ecosystems. Building on this notion of agency, we develop a framework prototype that captures the systemic relation between individual human needs and collective social outcomes on the one hand (micro-level) and social-ecological impacts in the global resource system on the other hand (macro-level). The BIO-SES framework emphasizes the role of responsible consumption (for physical health), responsible production (to reduce stressors on the environment), and the role of autonomy and self-organisation (to protect the reproduction capacity of social-ecological systems). In particular, the BIO-SES framework can support (1) individual and collective agency in high income country contexts to reduce global resource use and related ecosystem impacts with a bioeconomy strategy, (2) aligning social outcomes, monitoring efforts and governance structures with place-based efforts to achieve the SDGs, as well as (3), advancing the evidence base and social-ecological theory on responsible bioeconomy transitions in the limited biosphere.

   @article{DeSchutter2019,
     author = {de Schutter, Liesbeth and Giljum, Stefan and H{\"{a}}yh{\"{a}}, Tiina and Bruckner, Martin and Naqvi, Asjad and Omann, Ines and Stagl, Sigrid},
     doi = {10.3390/su11205705},
     issn = {2071-1050},
     journal = {Sustainability},
     month = oct,
     number = {20},
     pages = {5705},
     title = {{Bioeconomy Transitions through the Lens of Coupled Social-Ecological Systems: A Framework for Place-Based Responsibility in the Global Resource System}},
     url = {https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/11/20/5705},
     volume = {11},
     year = {2019}
   }

2018

1. EJ

   Learning, Hygiene and Traditional Medicine

   Daniel Bennett, Asjad Naqvi, and Wolf-Peter Schmidt

   The Economic Journal, Oct 2018

   Abs Bib HTML

   Information provision, which is a common behavior-change strategy, is only effective if the information is credible. Infectious disease prevention messages that rely on the germ theory may fail to persuade people who are unfamiliar with microbes. A novel program in rural Pakistan augments conventional hygiene instruction by demonstrating with microscopes that microbes exist. Through a randomized evaluation, we show that this program leads to strong and lasting hygiene and health improvements for participants and their children, while instruction alone does not. Adherence to traditional medicine, which offers another, non-pathogenic disease model, may undermine learning by strengthening prior beliefs about hygiene. We show that hygiene and health improve less for believers in traditional medicine, while the intervention modestly weakens traditional beliefs. These results suggest that traditional and modern medical beliefs are substitutes in this situation and that traditional medicine may exacerbate the burden of infectious disease.

   @article{Bennett2018,
     author = {Bennett, Daniel and Naqvi, Asjad and Schmidt, Wolf-Peter},
     doi = {10.1111/ecoj.12549},
     issn = {00130133},
     journal = {The Economic Journal},
     pages = {1--30},
     title = {{Learning, Hygiene and Traditional Medicine}},
     year = {2018}
   }

2. Ecol Econ

   Directed technological change in a post-Keynesian ecological macromodel

   Asjad Naqvi, and Engelbert Stockhammer

   Ecological Economics, Aug 2018

   Abs Bib HTML

   This paper presents a post-Keynesian ecological macroeconomic model, which is stock-flow consistent, and incorporates directed technological change. Private and public R&D spending across three competing, yet complementary inputs - Labor, Capital, and Resources - follow a portfolio allocation decision, where inputs with relatively higher growth in costs, see higher R&D investment and productivity gains. Two policy experiments are reported; a market-based Resource tax increase, and a centralized green policy, where public R&D budget is shifted towards Resource-saving technologies. We highlight that in the presence of labor market institutions, which give rise to hysteresis, and limited R&D budgets, a policy of continuous Resource tax growth is needed to induce Resource-saving technological change to achieve a greener economy. This needs to be coupled with planned government spending adjustment to spur demand and boost investment. The findings also suggest that a mix of market-based and centralized policies may be optimal.

   @article{NaqviStockhammer2018,
     author = {Naqvi, Asjad and Stockhammer, Engelbert},
     doi = {10.1016/j.ecolecon.2018.07.008},
     issn = {09218009},
     journal = {Ecological Economics},
     keywords = {Directed technological change,Environmental policies,Post-Keynesian economics,Research and develo,Research and development,Stock-flow consistent model,directed technological change,post-keynesian economics,research and development},
     month = aug,
     number = {16},
     pages = {168--188},
     publisher = {Elsevier},
     title = {{Directed technological change in a post-Keynesian ecological macromodel}},
     volume = {154},
     year = {2018}
   }

2017

1. Ecol Econ

   Fifty shades of green: Revisiting decoupling by economic sectors and air pollutants

   Asjad Naqvi, and Klara Zwickl

   Ecological Economics, Mar 2017

   Abs Bib HTML

   Using a consistent dataset for eighteen EU countries, six economic sectors, and six pollution indicators, we ana-lyze decoupling of production–based emissions from GDP growth from 1995 to 2008. Computing decoupling fac-tors as defined by the OECD (2002), we find that in almost all sectors and by almost all pollutants the median EU country had at least some decoupling. However, considerable heterogeneity in its magnitude can be observed across countries, sectors, and pollutants. For most pollutants and sectors, median decoupling performance im-proved from 2001–2008 compared to 1995–2001, while between–country disparities increased simultaneously. In a second step, we investigate country–level changes in decoupling states between the two sub–periods based on Tapio (2005). We find high diversity across countries and over time. To explain these differences across coun-tries and sectors, we assess the impact of environmental policy stringency, and find tentative evidence that stricter policy encourages decoupling, however the effects are small and imprecise, differ by economic sector and pollutant, and take several years to materialize.

   @article{Naqvi2017,
     author = {Naqvi, Asjad and Zwickl, Klara},
     doi = {10.1016/j.ecolecon.2016.09.017},
     journal = {Ecological Economics},
     keywords = {Decoupling indicators,Energy efficiency,Environmental policy stringency},
     month = mar,
     pages = {111--126},
     publisher = {Elsevier B.V.},
     title = {{Fifty shades of green: Revisiting decoupling by economic sectors and air pollutants}},
     url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0921800916301574},
     volume = {133},
     year = {2017}
   }

2. World Dev

   Deep Impact: Geo-Simulations as a Policy Toolkit for Natural Disasters

   Asjad Naqvi

   World Development, Mar 2017

   Abs Bib HTML

   Adverse post-natural disaster outcomes in low-income regions, like elevated internal migration levels and low consumption levels, are the result of market failures, poor mechanisms for stabilizing income, and missing insurance markets, which force the affected population to respond, and adapt to the shock they face. In a spatial environment, with multiple locations with independent but inter-connected markets, these transitions quickly become complex and highly non-linear due to the feedback loops between the micro individual-level decisions and the meso location-wise market decisions. To capture these continuously evolving micro-meso interactions, this paper presents a spatially explicit bottom-up agent-based model to analyze natural disaster-like shocks to low-income regions. The aim of the model is to temporally and spatially track how population distributions, income, and consumption levels evolve, in order to identify low-income workers that are “food insecure”. The model is applied to the 2005 earthquake in northern Pakistan, which faced catastrophic losses and high levels of displacement in a short time span, and with market disruptions, resulted in high levels of food insecurity. The model is calibrated to pre-crisis trends, and shocked using distance-based output and labor loss functions to replicate the earthquake impact. Model results show, how various factors like existing income and saving levels, distance from the fault line, and connectivity to other locations, can give insights into the spatial and temporal emergence of vulnerabilities. The simulation framework presented here, leaps beyond existing modeling efforts, which usually deals with macro long-term loss estimates, and allows policy makers to come up with informed short-term policies in an environment where data is non-existent, policy response is time dependent, and resources are limited.

   @article{Naqvi2017b,
     author = {Naqvi, Asjad},
     doi = {10.1016/j.worlddev.2017.05.015},
     journal = {World Development},
     keywords = {Agent-based model,Earthquake,Food insecurity,Geography,Migration,Pakistan,agent-based model,earthquake,food insecurity,geography,migration,pakistan},
     pages = {395--418},
     publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},
     title = {{Deep Impact: Geo-Simulations as a Policy Toolkit for Natural Disasters}},
     volume = {99},
     year = {2017}
   }

2015

1. Health Econ

   Constraints on Compliance and the Impact of Health Information in Rural Pakistan

   Daniel Bennett, Asjad Naqvi, and Wolf-Peter Schmidt

   Health Economics, Mar 2015

   Abs Bib HTML

   Despite its centrality for the provision of health care, physician compensation remains understudied, and existing studies either fail to control for time trends, cover small samples from highly particular settings, or examine empirically negligible changes in reward levels. Using a four-year sample of 59 physicians and 1.1 million encounters, we study how physicians at a network of primary care clinics responded when their salaried compensation plan was replaced with a lower salary plus substantial piece rates for encounters and select procedures. Although patient characteristics remained unchanged, physicians increased encounters by 11 to 61%, both by increasing encounters per day and days worked at the network, and increased procedures to the maximum reimbursable level.

   @article{Bennett2015,
     author = {Bennett, Daniel and Naqvi, Asjad and Schmidt, Wolf-Peter},
     doi = {10.1002/hec.3193},
     isbn = {1099-1050; 1057-9230},
     issn = {10579230},
     journal = {Health Economics},
     number = {9},
     pages = {1065--1081},
     pmid = {19816948},
     publisher = {John Wiley and Sons Ltd},
     title = {{Constraints on Compliance and the Impact of Health Information in Rural Pakistan}},
     volume = {24},
     year = {2015}
   }

2. Modeling Growth, Distributions and the Environment in a Stock‑flow consistent Framework

   Asjad Naqvi

   WWWforEurope Policy Paper 18, Mar 2015

2014

1. JEIC

   A multi-agent model of a low income economy: simulating the distributional effects of natural disasters

   Asjad Naqvi, and Miriam Rehm

   Journal of Economic Interaction and Coordination, Mar 2014

   Abs Bib HTML

   This paper develops an agent-based model of a stylized low income region in order to study the impact of natural disasters on population displacement, income, prices, and consumption with a focus on distributions and coping strategies of low income groups. Key features of the model include the integration of decentralized markets into a full economy in a spatially explicit way and the analysis of short-run adjustment processes. The model is calibrated to a low income region of rural agrarian Pakistan that faced severe floods in 2010. Dynamic adaptation by agents in response to falling income includes migrating and running down savings. Despite these consumption smoothing strategies, some low income groups are vulnerable to starvation. The paper showcases two hypothetical policy scenarios, a cash and a food transfer program, and tracks their effects on the welfare of low income groups in the economy.

   @article{NaqviRehm2014,
     author = {Naqvi, Asjad and Rehm, Miriam},
     doi = {10.1007/s11403-014-0137-1},
     journal = {Journal of Economic Interaction and Coordination},
     keywords = {Agent-based model,Consumption smoothing,Distributions,Migration,Natural disasters,agent-based model,consumption smoothing,distributions,migration,natural disasters},
     number = {2},
     pages = {275--309},
     title = {{A multi-agent model of a low income economy: simulating the distributional effects of natural disasters}},
     volume = {9},
     year = {2014}
   }